1、英文原文Development in Substation Automation SystemsRobert KirkmanAbstract-The rapid pace 1 of technological development shows no sign of slowing. Technological development has had and is still having a big impact on Substation Automation Systems. Nowadays, with the move towards electrical utility dereg
2、ulation throughout the world, it is imperative to exploit the latest trends. Utilities and industry must be able to provide an even more efficient and cost-effective service. They must ultimately optimise their assets and stay ahead of the competition. This paper describes, by reflecting back on Sub
3、station Automation history, todays developments and how users could utilise them in their Substation Automation Systems. In addition a summary of the gained benefits is given and some references are shown. Keynote Words: Substation Automation Systems, electric utility.I. INTRODUCTIONSince Siemens in
4、troduced the first digital/numerical and decentralised concept for Substation Automation Systems (SINAUT LSA) 20 years ago, some major achievements and trends have happened. The first Substation Automation Systems (SASs) typically had a master-slave architecture in a star topology and used vendor-sp
5、ecific proprietary protocols within the Substation and to a Network Control Centre（NCC）/SCADA System.Due to the non interoperability of communication & data modelling, substation integration was very complex and risky. Therefore the user was often bound to one vendor. The usage of protocol converter
6、s was quite often essential.Needless to say, in those days the interoperability of engineering data was not even a topic of discussion.The master-slave architecture itself created some additional system immanent limitations: Station-wide automation functionality is located in the master Master repre
7、sents a bottleneck Communication between master & slave is in polling mode only, i.e. not event driven No direct communication between two slavesHardware, communication equipment and the Human Machine Interface (HMI) were often from one vendor and thus development was constrained. This led to limita
8、tions in functionality, performance and participation in new developments. The switchgear interlocking was mainly done by a separate independent system, which was hardwired in parallel to the I/O units. The configuration of a SAS was done offline using a PC/Workstation and then either programmed ont
9、o EPROMS or later directly loaded onto the master or I/0 。These first substation automation solutions focused on getting operational data, e.g. voltage, current and the status of switching devices to a NCC. Displaying these data provided a snapshot of the current functional and operational status of
10、 the system, thus helping to easily run the substation, but they didnt offer a complete overview of the system.In short, the first important milestone towards substation automation had been achieved. The use of microprocessor-based decentralised systems did, however, leave lots of room for improveme
11、nt.The rapid dissemination of IT and communication in todays world and the users demand for a secure and sound investment have driven substation automation towards more standardisation, interoperability, reliability and superior performance. How did we meet these new requirements and address the exi
12、sting and on-going trends and developments?II. TRENDS & DEVELOPMENTS IN SASA. USE OF STANDARDISED COMMUNICATIONBefore the new IEC 61850 standard entered the SAS world, Ethernet was already present. For example, Ethernet was used as the communication platform between HMI and the master unit. Why was
13、Ethernet the right approach? Ethernet is part of the Internet Protocol Suite and is a packet switched network Ethernet is todays world standard for LAN office communication Ethernet supports multi protocols & services over one physical medium Redundancy such as redundant fibre optic loops is availab
14、le Industrial communication is also trending towards EthernetThe use of Ethernet in our substation automation environment provides standardised high speed communication. A wide variety of proven equipment and experienced engineers are available. At the end of the day, Ethernet enables us to merge in
15、dustrial, power and office communication together.No big surprise that the recently adopted world-wide standard IEC 61850 for substation communication uses Ethernet for layers one and two. The main drivers for developing IEC 61850 were to achieve interoperability of protection and control devices/sy
16、stems from different vendors and to enable much more than just communication.These goals were met by considering the three fundamental parts 1 of communication within a SAS namely: Data models of the applications Services for transferring these data Real communication protocols.The data models and the services rarely change in the course of time. The real protocols for implementing the communication ca
