1、翻译部分英文原文Mine gas drainage and outburst control in Australian underground coal minesNaj Aziza, Dennis Blackb and Ting RenaSchool of Civil, Mining & Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, AustraliaPacificMGM, Mining and Gas Management Consultants, Wollongong, Australia.Abstract
2、: Australia produces both black and brown coal and is the worlds fourth largest producer of black coal, after China, USA and India. Australian underground coal mines operate under controlled safety codes. The establishment of the mine safety management system, including the 1994 outburst management
3、plan, contributed to a significant improvement in mine safety leading to non-fatality in outburst related incidences since 1994. The management of outburst risk, as a part of the overall safety and health management system is described. Also discussed are the introduction of outburst threshold limit
4、 values and the desorption rate index which forms the basis for determin -ing safe mining conditions along with the “Authority to Mine” process. The measures taken and lessons learned from safe mining of Australias outburst prone mines represent an opportunity for improved mining safety in other cou
5、ntries, such as China. . The role of the Australian Coal Association Research Program, which supports research in critical areas such as outburst risk control and management, is also discussed.Keywords: Mine, Gas, Outburst, Mine safety management,Threshold limit values, Risk management;1. Introducti
6、onAustralia produces both black and brown coal and is the worlds fourth largest producer of black coal, after China, USA and India, and the fifth largest producer of brown coal, after Germany, Russia, Turkey and USA. In 2009, Australia produced approximately 346 Mt of saleable black coal from 451 Mt
7、 of total raw coal production, and approximately 68 Mt of brown coal 12. Almost 98% of Australian black coal production is sourced from the two eastern states of New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland (QLD) while brown coal is produced mainly in Victoria, with 98% coming from the Latrobe Valley. All o
8、f the brown coal production is utilised within Victoria for power generation.In 2009, Australia supplied 29% of global black coal export market, and has been the leading exporter of black coal since 1984. Black coal is Australias principal export commodity, generating a $55 billion in revenue for th
9、e nation last year. Australia produces and exports both metallurgical and thermal coal in approximately equal proportions. The majority of Australias metallurgical (coking) coal is produced in Queensland, while New South Wales produces predominantly thermal (steaming) coal. The Australian coal minin
10、g industry directly employs approximately 30 000 people and indirectly supports the employment of a further 100 000 people who provide services to the coal industry.Coal seam gas represents a potentially significant risk to the safety and productivity of underground mines. Ineffective control and ma
11、nagement of coal seam gas increases the risk of creating conditions that may result in either a coal and gas outburst or a methane and coal dust explosion. Poor gas management may also lead to general body gas concentrations exceeding statutory limits necessitating the cessation of production activi
12、ties within the affected area. Over 730 outbursts have occurred in Australian mines since 1895. Table 1 lists both fatal and other incidents related to coal seam gas explosions and gas outbursts. Such incidents have shaped coal mine legislation and operating practices and provide the motivation to d
13、evelop and maintain safe working conditions and operating practices. Many of the leading Australian coal mining companies now strive for “Zero Harm” and significant resources are dedicated to achieving this goal.Australian mining now relies on the use of Safety and Health Management Systems (SHMS) t
14、hat identify hazards and other potential risks present at individual mines and requires the development of management plans and operating procedures that detail the process to identify and assess hazards and implement appropriate controls to reduce risks to as low as reasonably achievable.The manage
15、ment of the Mine/Colliery is required to reduce and minimise the risks associated with outbursts in development panels and on longwall faces. This aim is achieved by the drainage of inseam gas to reduce in situ content to below defined Threshold Limit Values (TLV) and implementing a system of measur
16、ement and assessment of outburst risk prior to authorising mining activities to take place in any part of the mine.2. Outburst Risk ManagementThe Outburst Management Plan (OMP) 6 is an integral part of a mines SHMS and is developed and maintained to effectively control the risks associated with the outburst hazard. An example of a typical relationship between the OMP and other components of the mine SHMS is illustrated in Fig. 1. Table 1: Gas
