1、英文原文Mine Seismology for Rock Engineers An Outline of Required Competencies F. Essrich SiM Mining Consultants (Pty) Ltd., Rep. of South AfricaABSTRACTA decline in the number of dedicated mine seismologists on SA mines over the past decade has created a need for Rock Engineers to acquire a level of co
2、mpetency in mine seismology that would allow them to fulfil a number of functions previously occupied by mine seismologists. The parallel development of user friendly software as a tool for basic seismic data analysis has added to these requirements by offering the non-specialist user an opportunity
3、 to carry out various forms of seismic data analysis. A further influence arises from the fact that seismology services are now outsourced on many mines, leaving rock engineering departments with the responsibility to control seismology contracts and liaise with suppliers, which adds managerial func
4、tions to their role in an already technically demanding field. This paper investigates the new role embraced by rock engineers on seismically active mines and suggests an outline of training contents that is able to provide the knowledge and skills required. The author has presented training courses
5、 with contents similar to those outlined here to rock engineering consultancies and mining houses in South Africa. 1 .Introduction 1.1 Mine Seismologists in South Africa The development of digital seismic systems in the early 1990s and their installation on rock burst prone mines led to a proliferat
6、ion of seismic data and the employment of specialised personnel in the field of mine seismology. Around 1996 the gold mining sector in South Africa had 24 mine seismologists to manage seismic systems, analyse and evaluate data and supply relevant information to mainly rock engineers, production pers
7、onnel and mine management. Mine seismologist can be broadly defined as follows: Any person, irrespective of background and formal training, whose sole responsibility is the management of seismic systems and / or the analysis and evaluation of seismic data originating from mining operations. Mine sei
8、smologists were, with the exception of two corporate seismologists, employed by the mine and integrated into the mines rock mechanics departments. This setup - considering seismology part of rock engineering - has developed from the perception that seismic information is best utilised in the departm
9、ent responsible for mine layout and support design. It ignores the fact that, academically, seismology forms part of geophysics, which is in some countries considered part of the geology discipline (USA) and in others part of the science of physics (Germany and France). Instead of being integrated w
10、ith rock engineering, mine seismologists could have joined the prospecting divisions of mining houses and then be seconded to mines as the need arises. This would have opened up more career prospects and may have retained some of the seismologists in the field, preventing the exodus that took place
11、in the second half of the 1990s. By mid 2001 AngloGoldLtd. (now AngloGold-Ashanti) had lost all of its mine seismologists bar one on corporate level. Out of the original 24, eight changed their working field and four left the country. Gold Fields Ltd. retained three of its six experts, plus one on c
12、orporate level. Of those leaving the mines, six individuals joined existing or opened up their own consultancies, all of which are still in business today, three years later. By mid 2004, the number of mine-based and employed seismologists stood at four, only one of which is on a mine not previously
13、 served in this way. The number of individuals in consultancies has recently increased to ten due to demand by Harmony GM Co. Ltd. Generally speaking, consultancies have taken over the role of service providers in the field, operating seismic networks, managing the gathered data and analy sing and e
14、valuating data for most rock burst prone mines. In this environment mine employed rock engineers become primary customers of seismology services. They are in charge of controlling the contracts with service providers, but also carrying out basic analysis of seismic data with specialized software too
15、ls that are A closer look at the various functions executed during seismic data interpretation reveals requirements for senior rock engineering personnel whose responsibilities include seismology related tasks. There are four discernible task groups that rock engineers have to cover in such an envir
16、onment: 1) Input into mine planning: Design bracket pillars for seismically active structures; optimal face layout and mining sequence, production rate and face configuration to minimise seismic energy emission; optimal placement of stability pillar and their dimensions. 2) Support systems design, Evaluate rock burst information and peak ground motion estimates to recommend excavation support patterns for dynamic oading conditions. 3) Hazard identification, Correlate
