1、翻译部分Strategies for follow-up care and utilisation of closing and flooding in European hard coal mining areasAbstractThe already implemented or near end of mining in the European hard coal mining areas will cause the rise of the water table which had been kept down for mining activities, and will fin
2、ally re-establish the contact with the groundwater layers near the surface. This flood water causes contaminations of groundwater used for drinking water and therefore calls for immediate action, because of the in part high salinity and concentration of mobilization products from the oxidised rocks.
3、 On the other hand the long-term process offers new options for discharge optimisation and utilisation. The FLOMINET project carried out within the frame of the European RFCS programdevelops numericalmodels to forecast the impact of regional minewater rebound on mine, ground and surface water in int
4、erconnected underground hard coal mines. The research is also dedicated to the industrial utilisation of the rising mine water for renewable energy in form of electricity and geothermal heat. For this purpose numerical models have been enhanced in terms of density and temperature to become a practic
5、al planning tool for these activities. One additional application is the appraisal of gas reservoirs for methane gas extraction, the influence of the flooding process on such extraction, and the forecast of risks originating from mine gases dissolved in water after mine flooding.1. Introduction: imp
6、lications of closing and flooding in European hard coal mining areasThe development of coal consumption, worldwide exploration of coal deposits, transport conditions and world market prices have caused intensive effects on European hard coal mining areas in the last decades. Closure and flooding aff
7、ected the mining areas in France, Belgium and England first but also Germany, where currently only 5 mines have remained active. The last of these mines is supposed to be closed by 2018. The flooding process in the Ruhr area becomes evident by the recent water level distribution. Even when taking th
8、e northern dip of the coal bearing strata into account, the 3 active mines appear as islands surrounded by abandoned mines with at least partial water accumulation. Furthermore, large mining areas in Spain and even in Poland are equally affected by a closing process induced by the exploitation progr
9、ess and shifting of mining activities.In spite of site specific geological settings and varying mining technologies there are common processes accompanying the closure of mines established in Carboniferous strata in central Europe: The oxidation of pyrite in coal and host rock during active mining a
10、nd ventilation forms a pool of soluble iron salts, which can be mobilized during flooding . Subsequent mine water drainage is mostly affected by iron concentrations demanding water treatment before discharge. The flushing of these oxidation products can take decades. The rising of the water table in
11、to the overlying strata may cause contact between mine water and the overlying groundwater aquifer, which was not possible under pre-mining conditions. This may affect groundwater quality and, because of subsidence, also the groundwater level requiring intensive long term pumping activities . Mine w
12、ater flowing through deep mine voids shows high temperatures which in some cases reach more than 30 C and might demand cooling before discharge. However, this also offers the chance for geothermal heat recovery when the mines are situated in a densely populated area and the pumping costs are not cha
13、rged to the user. In addition, the geothermal potential accessed by the mine voids can be used by closed loop systems. The rocks caved by longwall mining are very sensitive to water and as they are constituted by an assemblage of blocks, the equilibrium found may be affected by the presence of water
14、 and a disturbance of the surface either by resettlement or uplift. Additionally, volumetric changes due to swelling of coal and clays upon water saturation contribute to uplift processes.These demands and potentials of the mine closure process show the requirement for the coordination of this proce
15、ss not only taking into account the economics of a short-term decommissioning but also the ecological and, the long-term economic situation. Flooding processes and their various impacts do not take place in a linear way. Fig.1 illustrates the development of water levels in the Lorraine coal basin. S
16、trategies for follow-up care and utilisation of mine closing and flooding require specially adopted model tools in order to provide forecasts of water table developments and environmental impacts on the surface.Fig.12. The modelling tool BoxmodelThe Boxmodel program code forms an application orientated model tool for water flow, mass transport, heat transport and interaction in watergas-systems. In most cases mining fields with intensive mining activit
