1、翻译部分英文原文Environmental issues from coal mining and their solutionsBIAN Zhengfu, Inyang Hilary I, DANIELS John L, OTTO Frank, STRUTHERS SueInstitute of Land Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221008, ChinaAbstract: The environmental challenges from coal mining include coal mine
2、 accidents, land subsidence, damage to the water environment, mining waste disposal and air pollution. These are either environmental pollution or landscape change. A conceptual framework for solving mine environmental issues is proposed. Clean processes, or remediation measures, are designed to add
3、ress environmental pollution. Restoration measures are proposed to handle landscape change. The total methane drainage from 56 Chinese high methane concentration coal mines is about 101.94 million cubic meters. Of this methane, 19.32 million, 35.58 million and 6.97 million cubic meters are utilized
4、for electricity generation, civil fuel supplies and other industrial purposes, respectively. About 39% of the methane is emitted into the atmosphere. The production of coal mining wastes can be decreased 10% by reuse of mining wastes as underground fills, or by using the waste as fuel for power plan
5、ts or for raw material to make bricks or other infrastructure materials. The proper use of mined land must be decided in terms of local physical and socio-economical conditions. In European countries more than 50% of previously mined lands are reclaimed as forest or grass lands. However, in China mo
6、re than 70% of the mined lands are reclaimed for agricultural purposes because the large population and a shortage of farmlands make this necessary. Reconstruction of rural communities or native residential improvement is one environmental problem arising from mining. We suggest two ways to reconstr
7、uct a farmers house in China.Keywords: mine environment; management of mining wastes; reuse of mine gas; mined land reclamation; clean coal mining1 IntroductionWhile coal makes an important contribution to worldwide energy generation, its environmental impact has been a challenge. In essence, the co
8、al energy production system consists of coal mining, preparation or processing and energy generation. Fig. 1 shows the complete process of the coal energy system. Environmental issues arise at every stage of the process.This paper will discuss environmental issues due to coal mining. In fact, enviro
9、nmental problems from coal mining have been studied since coal mining became industrialized. Nevertheless, environmental issues from coal mining have become important concerns only since the 1970s. The majority of the available literature related to mining and the environment date from the end of th
10、e 1970s to the end of the 1980s. However, coal production has changed significantly since the beginning of the 1990s and, as a result, the way and the extent that mining operations impact the environment are also different now. Fig. 2 shows the change in worldwide coal production over time, which il
11、lustrates that coal production increased strikingly after 2000. Six countries, the USA, Russia,India, China, Australia and South Africa, produced 81.9% of the total coal extracted throughout the world in 2006. These same countries have about 90% of the Worlds coal reserves. Coal production in China
12、accounted for 38.4% of the worldwide total and has increased about 66% over the past five years from 1.38 billion tons in 2001 to 2.3 billion tons in 2006. During the same time period the number of coal mines was reduced by 50%. The annual production of the Daliuta Coal Mine, one of the underground
13、mines operated by the Shendong Coal Mining Company, reached 20 million tons from only two longwall work faces in 2007. In the U.S. the situation is similar to China. There were 2475 coal mines with a total production of 945424 thousand short tons in 1993 but 1438 coal mines producing 1162750 thousan
14、d short tons in 2006.China consumes more coal than Europe, Japan and the United States combined; 40% of the worlds total. Chinas coal use continues to grow every year and it is estimated that 90% of the rise in world coal consumption is from increased activity in China. As a result, mining intensity
15、 in some coalfields is ten times greater than it was in the past. Therefore, the impact of mining on the environment today is significantly different from that in the 1980s. Thus, this paper focuses on environmental issues due to coal mining in the context of current mining operations.2 Importance o
16、f coal mining to energy systems worldwide and challenges to the environmentThe main use of coal in the United States is to generate electricity. Coal generates half of the electricity used in the United States3. Today, 91.9% of all the coal in the United States is used for electricity production. In contrast, less than 50% of all the coal mined in China was used for electricity generation in 2005 when 82% of the electricity used in China came from coal
