1、外文文献：High-Rise Buildings高层建筑资料来源： The Engineering Index 设计题目： 朗月虹湾3号住宅楼施工设计 学生姓名： 学院名称： 专业名称： 班级名称： 学 号： 指导教师： 教师职称： 完成时间： 20xx年 4 月 7 日High-Rise BuildingsIntroductionIt is difficult to define a high-rise building . One may say that a low-rise building ranges from 1 to 2 stories . A medium-rise buil
2、ding probably ranges between 3 or 4 stories up to 10 or 20 stories or more . Although the basic principles of vertical and horizontal subsystem design remain the same for low- , medium- , or high-rise buildings , when a building gets high the vertical subsystems become a controlling problem for two
3、reasons . Higher vertical loads will require larger columns , walls , and shafts . But , more significantly , the overturning moment and the shear deflections produced by lateral forces are much larger and must be carefully provided for .The vertical subsystems in a high-rise building transmit accum
4、ulated gravity load from story to story , thus requiring larger column or wall sections to support such loading . In addition these same vertical subsystems must transmit lateral loads , such as wind or seismic loads , to the foundations. However , in contrast to vertical load , lateral load effects
5、 on buildings are not linear and increase rapidly with increase in height . For example under wind load , the overturning moment at the base of buildings varies approximately as the square of a buildings may vary as the fourth power of buildings height , other things being equal. Earthquake produces
6、 an even more pronounced effect.When the structure for a low-or medium-rise building is designed for dead and live load , it is almost an inherent property that the columns , walls , and stair or elevator shafts can carry most of the horizontal forces . The problem is primarily one of shear resistan
7、ce . Moderate addition bracing for rigid frames in“short”buildings can easily be provided by filling certain panels ( or even all panels ) without increasing the sizes of the columns and girders otherwise required for vertical loads.Unfortunately , this is not is for high-rise buildings because the
8、problem is primarily resistance to moment and deflection rather than shear alone . Special structural arrangements will often have to be made and additional structural material is always required for the columns , girders , walls , and slabs in order to made a high-rise buildings sufficiently resist
9、ant to much higher lateral deformations . As previously mentioned , the quantity of structural material required per square foot of floor of a high-rise buildings is in excess of that required for low-rise buildings . The vertical components carrying the gravity load , such as walls , columns , and
10、shafts , will need to be strengthened over the full height of the buildings . But quantity of material required for resisting lateral forces is even more significant . With reinforced concrete , the quantity of material also increases as the number of stories increases . But here it should be noted
11、that the increase in the weight of material added for gravity load is much more sizable than steel , whereas for wind load the increase for lateral force resistance is not that much more since the weight of a concrete buildings helps to resist overturn . On the other hand , the problem of design for
12、 earthquake forces . Additional mass in the upper floors will give rise to a greater overall lateral force under the of seismic effects . In the case of either concrete or steel design , there are certain basic principles for providing additional resistance to lateral to lateral forces and deflectio
13、ns in high-rise buildings without too much sacrifire in economy . 1. Increase the effective width of the moment-resisting subsystems . This is very useful because increasing the width will cut down the overturn force directly and will reduce deflection by the third power of the width increase , othe
14、r things remaining cinstant . However , this does require that vertical components of the widened subsystem be suitably connected to actually gain this benefit.2. Design subsystems such that the components are made to interact in the most efficient manner . For example , use truss systems with chord
15、s and diagonals efficiently stressed , place reinforcing for walls at critical locations , and optimize stiffness ratios for rigid frames . 3. Increase the material in the most effective resisting components . For example , materials added in the lower floors to the flanges of columns and connecting girders will directly decrease the overall deflection and increase the moment resistance without contributing mass in the upper floors where the earthquake problem is a
