1、翻译部分 英文原文Technology for Tomorrow andEquipment Selection for India Coal MinesABSTRACT:The contribution provides a short introduction to economic changes in Indian and consequences to natural energy resources .By the example of coal production there are described the India energy reserves. Next part o
2、f contribution describes mining technology from the actual state to the future development. As the conclusion the mining industry has to accept new mining technology and automation systems to implement intelligent mining of 21st century.1. CHANGING ECONOMIC SCENARIOIN INDIA-COMPETITIVE MARKET COMPAN
3、YAs we stand today, at the threshold of a Global Market, there are many challenges facing the Indian Coal Industry. Since the beginning of this decade, dramatic political and economic reforms initiated by the Govt. in 1991 mark a watershed in Indias economic thinking and aim at lowering protectionis
4、m and integrating the countrys economy with global market. Barriers to import and foreign capital are being lowered. Changes in industrial, foreign trade, exchange rate, and tax policies has led to a paradigm shift towards market forces and competition.The old paradigm that dictated success is being
5、 replaced by new rules. The emerging business scenario indicates that there is an urgent need for the Indian coal industry to become proactive, improve its overall performance and understanding of market and customers need. There has to be an increase in the awareness and concern, efficiency improve
6、ment and increasing productivity and profitability. Coal India, which produces 90% of coal production of India, has to develop a marketing strategy, which uses its own competition advantages to meet the challenges of growing competition from imported coal and the new entrants in the Indian coal mark
7、et. With around 60% of the primary energy needs being met by coal and with large reserves available in the country compared to other fossil fuel, the role of coal in the countrys economy will continue to be vital. The liberal economic policies are encouraging the rapid expansion of industry in India
8、, which in turn is creating unprecedented demand for coal to fuel power stations, steel plants, cement and various other industries. Given the above scenario some of the considerations for the long-term strategic objectives for the coal industry has to be to become the cost leader in terms of being
9、the lowest cost provider of a given value and to increase production to meet the challenges of widening gap between demand and indigenous coal availability. It should be noted that liberalization is removing most of the regulatory entry barriers for superior positioning in terms of efficiency by uti
10、lizing the best available technology and equipment.2. COAL IN INDIA The primacy of coal in the energy policy planning of the country lies in its relatively comfortable resource position vis-vis that of the hydrocarbons. The present available coal resources going by the reserve to production ratio is
11、 expected to last for another 233 years as compared to 15 years for oil and 23 years for Natural Gas, making coal a very secure energy source for the country. The present proven recoverable resources of fossil fuels are:Coal84 billionCrude oil0.715 billion tonsNatural gas692 billion m32.1 Coal Reser
12、ve Geological coal resources as per the recent assessment made by the Geological Survey of India (GSI) is around 220 billion tones in seams of 0.9 m and above in thickness and up to 1200m depth. Out of the total coal reserves 38%(844.4 bt) is under the proved category, while the reserves under the i
13、ndicated and inferred category are 45%J(98.5 bt) and 17%(38.0 bt), respectively. Coal resources in India account for 0.8% of the global coal resources. However, proved reserves are 5.7% of the global coal resources. The share of overall coal resources of different States are:Jharkhand32%Orissa23%Mad
14、hya Pradesh/Chattisgarh20%West Bengal13%Andhra Pradesh6%Matharashtra3%Other3%The salient features of Indian coal resources are as follows:About 64% of the total coal resources occur within 300 m depth and 26% occurs in the depth range from 300-600 m depth. Only about 10% resources occur beyond 600 m
15、 depth in deep coal basins like Jharia and Raniganj coalfields.Resources of non-coking coals amount to about 85% of the total resources of which only 12% are of superior grade and occurring mostly in Raniganj.Bulk of the coal resources (73%) are inferior grade non-coking coals occurring in thick int
16、er-banded seams and lcated in coalfields like Singrauli, Talcher, North Karanpura, Rajmahal, IB Valley and Korba etc.Coking coal resources are only 15% of the total resources confined to only 10 out of the 62 coalfields in Jharkhand, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh.The proved reserves (up to a depth of 600 m) is estimate at 71 billion tones out of which only 30 billion tones (42.25%) is minable by undergrou
